The metalworking fluids applied in machining processes basically have three characteristics. They are: Cooling effect Lubrication effect Taking away the formed chip from the cutting zone. Selecting a metalworking fluid for a particular application and…

Steam condenser is an equipment in which the exhaust steam from the steam turbine is condensed by means of coolant (water). Thermal efficiency of a closed cycle power developing system using steam as working fluid and working on carnot thermodynamic cycle is given by …

The below table can be read like the table of comparison between the two types of engines and also as the merits and demerits of the two designs. 4-Stroke and a 2-Stroke Engine comparison S.no 4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine 1 One working stroke for ev…

In jet condensers, the exhaust steam and cooling water come in direct contact with each other, whereas in surface condensers they don’t mix with each other. The temperature of the cooling water and the condensate is the same in jet condensers when leaving the condens…

In surface condensers, there is no mixing of exhaust steam and cooling water. The condensate can be re-used in the boiler: In a surface condenser, even impure water can be used for cooling purposes, whereas in jet condensers, cooling water must be pure. Although the ca…

According to Varignon’s theorem, the algebraic sum of several concurrent forces about any point is equal to the moments of their resultant about the point. To prove Varignon’s Theorem, consider the force R acting in the plane of the body as shown in the above-left-side…

When several forces of different magnitude and direction act upon a certain body, they constitute a system of forces . If all the forces in a system lie in a single plane, it is called a coplanar force system . If the line of action of all the forces in a system pas…

A force exerted on a body can cause a change in either the shape or the motion of the body. The unit of force in SI system is the newton (N) and CGS system is dyne. No solid body is perfectly rigid and when forces are applied to it, changes in dimensions occur. Such ch…

Whenever the tool is not performing the machining operation satisfactorily, there is a cutting tool failure. The following drawbacks are observed if the tool fails. The tool ceases to produce the workpiece according to the required dimensions. The tool gets…

Commonly filler metals are used in brazing are listed in below Table 1, along with the principal base metals on which they are typically used. To be suitable as a brazing metal the following characteristics are needed: the melting temperature must be compatibl…

In soldering and brazing processes, the metal parts being joined are heated but not melted and molten filler material is made to flow between the two closely placed adjacent surfaces by the capillary action. A strong joint between the parts is formed on cooling to room…

Electrogas welding (EGW) is a vertically positioned arc welding process, is used for welding the edges of sections vertically and in one pass, with the pieces placed edge to edge (butt joint). It is classified as a machine-welding process because its operation require…

Honda developed VTEC (Variable Timing and Lift Electronic Control) to improve the volumetric efficiency of a four-stroke internal combustion engine . Ikuo Kajitani, engineer at Honda was the first involved in the development of these four-valve engines. The Honda’s VTE…

Some safety precautions in forging shop to followed while performing forging operation to avoid injuries and accidents are listed below: Forging shop. Image source: Wikimedia Commons Always avoid the use of damaged hammers. Never try to strike a hardened surface with…

The operator must go through and become familiar with these general safety precautions/recommendations to avoid accidents and injuries while working on a lathe machine : The operator should always be sure that all guards are in place before running the lathe machine. …

The largest use of LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) at present is as domestic and industrial fuel. However, there is an increasing trend to use LPG as a motor fuel in the automobile sector. Let us see the major advantages and disadvantages of using Liquefied Petroleum Ga…

In an air-cooling system, the outer surface of the cylinder and the cylindrical head in a reciprocating engine are cooled by air flowing over them. To increase the heat transfer rate from the surface, the metallic fins are cast on the cylinder and cylinder head. These …

Losses in steam turbines can be mainly classified into two types. They are: Internal losses (which occur within the flow of Steam) and External losses (which occur outside the turbine casting. Internal Losses in Steam Turbines: The internal losses in ste…

When the surfaces of the bearing are separated by a fluid film, the bearing materials do not have any effect on its operation, so long as the parts have sufficient strength to withstand the imposed loads and sufficient rigidity to maintain alignment. On account of s…