Impulse and reaction turbine are compared below presented in picture and tabular form. Schematic diagram summarising the differences between impulse turbine and reaction turbine, where the rotor is the rotating part and the stator is the stationary part of the machine…

A shaper machine is a reciprocating machine that produces horizontal, vertical, or flat surfaces. The shaper holds the single point cutting tool in ram and the workpiece is fixed on the table. Shaper Machine and Planer Machine The planner machine comes in heavy machi…

Broaching is performed using a multiple-teeth cutting tool by moving the device linearly about the work in the direction of the tool axis, as in Figure 1. The machine tool is called a broaching machine and the cutting tool is called a broach. In some jobs for which b…

Classification of gears can be done according to the relative position of the axes of revolution into three types. They are: 1. Gears for Parallel shafts 1.1 Spur Gears 1.2 Helical Gears 1.3 Herringbone Gears 1.4 Rack and Pinion 2. Gears for Intersecting Sha…

Whenever the tool is not performing a machining operation satisfactorily, it is assumed that the tool has been failed. Normally, when the tool fails, it is reground to sharpen it again, but for throwaway-type tools, it is discarded and a new tool tip is used. Although…

There are various kinds of helmets, designed for different activities and levels of protection to human head, jaw, and chin. Illustration generated using AI Type of Helmet Main purpose use Key feature Full-face helmet…

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine that has adjustable blades. It combines automatically adjusted propeller blades w…

There are many theories of fatigue; I have written briefly about three of them: the Orowan theory, the fatigue limit theory, and Wood’s theory. 1. Orowan Theory: Orowan theory considers the metal to contain small, weak regions. Slip occurs readily along these regio…

Science is a systematized body of knowledge about any department of nature, internal or external to man. The energy science deals with the laws, rules, scientific principles, characteristics, units, measurements, processes etc. about various forms of energy and energy…

Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) is an advanced fuel injection technology, most commonly referred to as diesel engines. This is very similar to the technology used in petrol engines and the same is differentiated by classifying it as gasoline direct injection (GDI)…

Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on automobiles to continue tractive contact with the road surface as directed by driver steering inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from ceasing rotation and therefore avoiding …

Valves are mechanical devices that regulate, direct, or control the flow of fluids (liquids, gases, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing passages.  1. Gate Valve Gate valve uses a gate/wedge to stop or allow flow of fluids. Gate valve is best fo…

The elements of the tool signature or nomenclature of a single-point cutting tool are illustrated in the figure below (i) Back rake angle: Back rake angle is the angle between the face of the single-point cutting tool and a line parallel to the base of the tool, mea…

In soldering and brazing processes, the metal parts being joined are heated but not melted and molten filler material is made to flow between the two closely placed adjacent surfaces by capillary action. A strong joint between the parts is formed on cooling to room tem…

Welding, soldering and brazing are metal joining processes. Each type of joining process has its own significance. The type of joining process to be applied for joining two parts depends on many factors. The tabular comparison tells us the differences between the join…

The performance of a centrifugal pump can be determined by finding the following efficiencies: Mechanical efficiency Hydraulic efficiency Volumetric efficiency Overall efficiency 1. Mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump (η m ): Mechanica…

Different types of welded joints bring two parts together for joining. Five types of welded joints are butt joint, corner joint, lap joint, T-joint, and edge joint. 1. Butt joint: In Butt welded type, the parts lie in the same plane and are joined at their edges. …

Basic properties that cutting tools must possess are: Tool material must be at least 30 to 50% harder than the workpiece material. Tool material must have high hot hardness. High toughness High wear resistance High thermal conductivity Lo…

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)  and  Critical Path Method (CPM) are the most commonly used methods for project management. There are some similarities and differences between PERT and CPM. PERT can be applied to any field requiring planned, controlled …