The tightening tools include pliers, screwdrivers, and wrenches, which are discussed below. 1. Pliers Pliers , namely, ordinary needle-nose pliers and particular types of hand tools, are used to hold objects tightly. Fig. 1 (a) shows long nose pliers and Fig. 1 (b) s…

The failure of the tool is taking place in the following modes: 1. Failure through plastic deformation:  During machining operation, when the tool tip exceeds the hot hardness temperature of the tool material, the tool loses its hardness considerably and the tool tip …

Several machine tools gradually increased until the 20th century and decreased based on Group Technology.   However, machine tools are broadly classified as follows:   1. According to the direction of the central axis : Horizontal center lathe, horizontal borin…

A machine tool is defined as one that can remove metal from a workpiece while holding the cutting tools to generate the requisite job of a given size, configuration, and finish. It is different from a machine, which essentially converts the source of power from one fo…

The method of adhering or welding microchips or powdered particles present during machining to the rake face of the cutting tool is called built-up edge (BUE). During the machining operation , there are always a certain number of microchips or powdered particles that …

The tool life can be defined in three different ways. Tool life is the actual machining time between two successive regrindings of a cutting tool. It is most commonly expressed in minutes. Volume of material removed in mass production. Number of workpieces machined …

The elements of tool signature or nomenclature of single point cutting tool is illustrated in the figure below (i) Back rake angle: Back rake angle is the angle between the face of the single point cutting tool and a line parallel with base of the tool measured in a…